Class 12 Maths NCERT Solutions for Chapter 6 Application of Derivatives Exercise 6.2

Class 12 Maths NCERT Solutions for Chapter 6 Application of Derivatives Exercise 6.2

Application of Derivatives Exercise 6.2 Solutions

1. Show that the function given by f(x) = 3x + 17 is strictly increasing on R. 

Solution

Let x1 and x2 be any two numbers in R.
Then, we have : 
x1 < x2
⇒ 3x1 < 3x2
⇒ 3x1 + 17 < 3x2 + 17
⇒ f(x1) < f(x2)

Hence, f is strictly increasing on R. 
Alternate method : 
f '(x) = 3 > 0, in every interval or R. 
Thus, the function is strictly increasing on R.


2. Show that the function given by f(x) = 3x + 17 is strictly increasing on R.

Solution

Let x1 and x2 be any two numbers in R. 
Then, we have : 
x1 < x2
⇒ 2x1 < 2x2
⇒ e2x1  < e2x2
⇒ f(x1) < f (x2)
Hence, f is strictly increasing on R.


3. Show that the function given by f(x) = sin x is
(a) strictly increasing in (0,π/2)
(b) strictly decreasing in (π/2,π)
(c) neither increasing nor decreasing in (0, π)

Solution

The given function is f(x) = sin x. 
∴ f '(x) = cos x
(a) Since for each x ∊ (0, π/2), cos x > 0, we have f '(x) > 0 . 
Hence, f is strictly increasing in (0, π/2). 
(b) Since for each x ∊ (π/2, π), cos x < 0, we have f '(x) < 0. 
Hence, f is strictly decreasing in (π/2, π). 
(c) From the results obtained in (a) and (b) , it is clear that f is neither increasing nor decreasing in (0, π).


4. Find the intervals in which the function f given by f(x) = 2x2 − 3x is
(a) strictly increasing
(b) strictly decreasing

Solution

The given function is f(x) = 2x2 - 3x . 
f '(x) = 4x - 3 
∴ f '(x) = 0
⇒ x = 3/4 
Now, the point 3/4 divides the real line into two disjoint intervals i.e., ( - ∞, 3/4) and (3/4, ∞). 

In interval (- ∞, 3/4), f '(x) = 4x - 3 < 0. 
Hence, the given function (f) is strictly decreasing in interval (- ∞, 3/4). 
In interval (3/4, ∞), f '(x) = 4x - 3 > 0. 
Hence, the given function (f) is strictly increasing in interval (3/4 , ∞).

5. Find the intervals in which the function f given by f(x) = 2x3 − 3x2 − 36x + 7 is
(a) strictly increasing
(b) strictly decreasing
Solution
The given function is f(x) = 2x3 - 3x2 - 36x + 7 . 
f '(x) = 6x2 - 6x - 36 = 6(x2 - x - 6) = 6(x + 2)(x - 3) 
∴ f '(x) = 0 ⇒ x  = -2, 3
The points x = -2 and x = 3 divide the real line into three disjoint intervals i.e., 
(- ∞, -2), (-2, 3), and (3, ∞). 
In intervals (- ∞, -2) and (3, ∞), f '(x) is positive while in interval (-2, 3), f '(x) is negative. 
Hence, the given function (f) is strictly increasing in intervals (-∞, -2) and (3, ∞), while function (f) is strictly decreasing in interval (-2, 3). 

6. Find the intervals in which the following functions are strictly increasing or decreasing:
(a) x2 + 2x − 5
(b) 10 − 6x − 2x2 
(c) -2x3 - 9x2 - 12x + 1 
(d) 6 - 9x - x2 
(e) (x + 1)3 (x - 3)3 
Solution
(a) We have, 
f(x) = x2 + 2x - 5 
∴ f '(x) = 2x + 2
Now,  
f '(x) = 0
⇒ x = - 1 
Point x = -1 divides the real line into two disjoint intervals i.e., (- ∞, -1) and (-1, ∞) . 
In interval (- ∞, -1), f '(x) = 2x + 2 < 0.
∴  f is strictly decreasing in interval ( -∞. -1). 
Thus, f is strictly decreasing for x < - 1. 
In interval (-1, ∞), f '(x) = 2x + 2 > 0.
∴ f is strictly increasing in interval (-1, ∞). 
Thus, f is strictly increasing for x > -1.

(b) We have, 
f(x) = 10 - 6x - 2x2 
∴ f'(x) = -6 - 4x 
Now, 
f '(x) = 0
⇒ x = -3/2
The point x = -3//2 divides the real line into two disjoint intervals i.e., (-∞, -3/2) and (-3/2, ∞). 
In interval (-∞, -3/2) i.e., when x < -3/2, f '(x) = -6 - 4x > 0. 
∴ f is strictly increasing for x < -3/2. 
In interval (-3/2, ∞) i.e., when x > -3/2, f '(x) = -6 - 4x < 0. 
∴ f is strictly decreasing for x > -3/2. 

(c) We have, 
f(x) = -2x3 - 9x2 - 12x + 1 
∴ f '(x) = -6x2 - 18x - 12 = -6(x2 + 3x + 2) = -6(x + 1)(x + 2)
Now, 
f '(x) = 0
⇒ x = -1 and x = -2 
Points x = -1 and x = -2 divide the real line into three disjoint intervals 
i.e., (-∞, -2), (-2, -1), and (-1, ∞). 
In intervals (-∞, -2) and (-1, ∞)i.e., when x < -2 and x > -1, 
f '(x) = -6(x + 1)(x + 2) < 0 
∴ f is strictly decreasing for x < -2 and x > -1.
Now, in interval (-2, -1) i.e., when -2 < x < - 1, f '(x) = -6(x + 1)(x + 2) > .
∴ f is strictly increasing for -2 < x < -1. 

(d) We have,  
f(x) = 6 - 9x - x2 
∴ f '(x)  = -9 - 2x 
Now, f '(x) = 0 gives x = -9/2
The point x = -9/2 divides the real line into two disjoint intervals i.e., (-∞, -9/2) and (-9/2, ∞). 
In interval (-∞, -9/2) i.e., for x < -9/2, f '(x) = -9 - 2x > 0. 
∴ f is strictly increasing for x < -9/2. 
In interval (-9/2, ∞) i.e., for x > -9/2, f '(x) = -9 - 2x < 0. 
∴ f is strictly decreasing for x > -9/2. 

(e) We have,  
f(x) = (x + 1)3 (x - 3)3 
f '(x) = 3(x + 1)3 (x - 3)3 + 3(x - 3)2 (x + 1)3 
= 3(x + 1)2 (x - 3)2 [x - 3 + x + 1]
=3(x + 1)2 (x - 3)2 (2x - 2)
= 6(x + 1)2 (x - 3)2 (x - 1) 
Now, 
f '(x) = 0
⇒ x = -1, 3, 1 
The points x = -1, x = 1, and x = 3 divide the real line into four disjoint intervals i.e., (-∞, -1), (-1, 1), (1, 3), and (3, ∞) . 
In intervals (-∞, -1) and (-1, 1), f '(x) = 6(x + 1)2 (x - 3)2 (x - 1) < 0. 

7. Show that y = log (l + x) -  2x/(2 + x) , x > -1, is an increasing function of x throughout its domain. 
Solution
Consider y = log(1 + x) - 2x/(2 + x)

Hence, f is a increasing function throughout its domain.

8. Find the values of x for y = [x(x - 2)]2 is an increasing function. 
Solution
We have, 
y = [x(x - 2)]2 = [x2 - 2x]2
∴ dy/dx = y' = 2(x2 - 2x)(2x - 2) = 4x(x - 2)(x - 1)
∴ dy/dx = 0 ⇒ x = 0, x = 2, x = 1.
The points x = 0, x = 1, and x = 2 divide the real line into four disjoint intervals 
i.e., (- ∞, 0), (0, 1)(1, 2), and (2, ∞).
In intervals ( - ∞,  0) and (1, 2), dy/dx < 0.
∴ y is strictly decreasing in intervals (- ∞, 0) and (1, 2).
However, in intervals (0, 1) and (2, ∞), dy/dx > 0.
∴ y is strictly increasing for 0 < x < 1 and x > 2.

9.  Prove that y = 4 sinθ/(2 + cos θ) - θ is an increasing function of θ in (0, π/2)
Solution
We have, 
y = 4 sinθ/(2 + cos θ) - θ 
⇒ 8 cos θ + 4 = 4 + cos2 θ + 4 cos θ
⇒ cos2 θ - 4cos θ = 0 
⇒ cos θ (cos θ  - 4) = 0 
⇒ cos θ = 0 or cos θ  = 4 
Since cos θ ≠ 4,  cos θ  = 0. 
cos θ = 0
⇒ ፀ = π/2 
Now, 
Therefore y is strictly increasing in interval (0, π/2). 
Also, the given function is continuous at x = 0 and x = π/2 
Hence, y is increasing in interval [0, π/2). 

10. Prove that the logarithmic function is strictly increasing on (0, ∞).
Solution
The given function is f(x) = log x. 
∴ f '(x) = 1/x 
It is clear that for x > 0, f '(x) = 1/x >0. 
Hence, f(x) = log x is strictly increasing in interval (0, ∞) 

11. Prove that the function f given by f(x) = x2 − x + 1 is neither strictly increasing nor strictly decreasing on (−1, 1).
Solution
The given function is f(x) =  x2 − x + 1. 
∴ f '(x) = 2x - 1 
Now, f '(x) = 0 ⇒ x = 1/2. 
The point 1/2 divides the interval (-1, 1) into two disjoint intervals i.e., (-1, 1/2) and (1/2, 1). 
Now, in interval (-1, 1/2), f '(x) = 2x - 1 < 0. 
Therefore, f is strictly decreasing in interval (-1, 1/2). 
However, in interval (1/2 , 1), f '(x) = 2x - 1 > 0.
Therefore, f is strictly increasing in interval (1/2, 1). 
Hence, f is neither strictly increasing nor decreasing in interval (-1, 1). 

12.Which of the following functions are strictly decreasing on (0, pi/2)?
(A) cos x
(B) cos 2x
(C) cos 3x
(D) tan x
Solution
(A) Let f1 (x) = cos x 
f '1 (x) = - sin x 
In interval (0, π/2),  f '1 (x) = - sin x < 0. 
∴ f 1 (x) = cos x is strictly decreasing in interval (0, π/2). 

(B) Let f2 (x) = cos x
∴ f '2 (x) = - 2sin 2x 
Now, 0 < x < π/2
⇒ 0 < 2x < π
⇒ sin 2x > 0
⇒ - 2sin 2x < 0 
∴ f '2 (x) = - 2sin 2x < 0 on (0, π/2)
∴ f2 (x) = cos 2x is strictly decreasing in interval (0, π/2). 

(C) Let f3 (x) = cos 3x .
f’3 (x) = -3 sin 3x 
Now, f’3 (x) = 0.
⇒ sin 3x = 0
⇒ 3x = π, as x ∈ (0, π/2) 
⇒ x = π/3 
The point x = π/3  divides the interval (0, π/2) into two disjoint intervals 
i.e., 0(0, π/3) and (π/3, π/2). 
Now, in interval (0, π/3), f3 (x) = -3 sin 3x > 0 [as π/3 < x < π/2 ⇒ π < 3x < 3π/2]. 
∴ f3 is strictly increasing in interval (π/3 , π/2) . 
Hence, f3 is neither increasing nor decreasing in interval (0, π/2). 

(D) Let f4 (x) = tan x. 
∴ f’4 (x) = sec2 x 
In interval (0, π/2), f’4 (x) = sec2 x > 0.
∴ f4 is strictly increasing in interval (0, π/2). 
Therefore, functions cos x and cos 2x are strictly decreasing in (0, π/2). 
Hence, the correct answer are A and B. 

13. On which of the following intervals is the function f given by f(x) = x100 + sin x –1 strictly decreasing?
(A) (0,1)
(B) (π/2,π)
(C) (0,π/2)
(D) None of these
Solution
We have, 
f(x)  = x100 + sin x –1 
∴ f '(x) = 100x99 + cos x 
In interval (0, 1), cos x > 0 and 100x99 > 0. 
∴ f '(x) > 0. 
Thus, function f is strictly increasing in interval (0, 1). 
In interval (π/2 , π) , cos x < 0  and 100x99 > 0. Also, 100x99 > cos x. 
∴ f '(x)  > 0  in (π/2 , π)
Thus, function f is strictly increasing in interval (π/2 , π). 
In interval (0 , π/2), cos x > 0 and 100x99  > 0. 
∴ 100x99 + cos x > 0 
⇒ f '(x) > 0 on (0, π/2)
∴ f is strictly increasing in interval (0, π/2). 
Hence, function f is strictly decreasing in none of the intervals. 
The correct answer is D.

14. Find the least value of a such that the function f given by f(x) = x2 + ax + 1 is strictly increasing on (1, 2).
Solution
We have, 
f(x) = x2 + ax + 1 
∴ f '(x) = 2x + a 
Now, function f will be increasing in (1, 2), if f '(x) > 0 in (1, 2). 
f '(x) > 0 
⇒ 2x + a > 0 
⇒ 2x > - a 
⇒ x > -a/2 
Therefore, we have to find the least value of a such that 
x > -a/2, when x ∊(1, 2). 
⇒ x > -a/2 (when 1 < x < 2) 
Thus, the least value of a for f to be increasing on (1, 2) is given by,  
-a/2 = 1 
-a/2 = 1
⇒ a = -2
Hence, the required value of a is -2. 

15. Let I be any interval disjoint from (−1, 1). Prove that the function f given by f(x)= x+1/x is strictly increasing on I.
Solution
We have, 
f(x) = x + 1/x
∴ f '(x) = 1 - 1/x2 
Now, 
f '(x) = 0 ⇒ 1/x2 = 1 ⇒ x = ± 1 
The points x = 1 and x = -1 divide the real line in three disjoint intervals 
i.e., (-∞, -1), (-1, 1) and (1, ∞). 
In interval (-1, 1), it is observed that : 
-1 < x < 1 
⇒ x2 < 1 
⇒ 1 < 1/x2 , x ≠ 0 
⇒ 1 - 1/x2  < 0, x ≠ 0 
∴ f '(x) = 1 - 1/x2 < 0 on (-1, 1) ~ {0}. 
∴ f is strictly decreasing on (-1, 1) ~ {0}. 
In intervals (- ∞, -1) and (1, ∞), it is observed that : 
x < -1 or 1 < x 
⇒ x2 > 1 
⇒ 1 > 1/x2 
⇒ x - 1/x2 > 0 
∴ f '(x) = 1 - 1/x2  > 0 on (-∞, 1) and (1, ∞). 
∴ f is strictly increasing on (- ∞, 1) and (1, ∞). 
Hence, function f is strictly increasing in interval I disjoint from (-1, 1). 
Hence, the given result is proved. 

16. Prove that the function f given by f(x) = log sin x is strictly increasing on (0, π/2) and strictly decreasing on (π/2 , π).
Solution
We have, 
f(x) = log sin x 
∴ f '(x) = (1/sin x) cos x =  cot x 
In interval (0, π/2), f '(x) = cot x > 0. 
∴ f is strictly increasing in (0, π/2). 
In interval (π/2, π) , f '(x) = cos x < 0. 
∴ f is strictly decreasing in (π/2 , π). 

17. Prove that the function f given by f(x) = log cos x is strictly decreasing on (0,π/2) and strictly increasing on (π/2,π) 
Solution
We have, 
f(x) = log cosx 

18.Prove that the function given by f (x) = x3 – 3x2 + 3x – 100 is increasing in R.
Solution
We have, 
f(x) = x3 - 3x2 + 3x - 100 
f '(x) = 3x2 - 6x + 3 
= 3(x2 - 2x + 1)
= 3(x - 1)2 
For any x ∈ R, (x - 1)2  > 0. 
Thus, f '(x) is always positive in R. 
Hence, the given function (f) is increasing in R. 

19. The interval in which y = x2 e–x is increasing is
(A) (– ∞, ∞)
(B) (– 2, 0)
(C) (2, ∞)
(D) (0, 2)
Solution
We have, 
y =  x2 e–x 
∴ dy/dx = 2xe–x - x2 e–x = xe–x (2 - x)
Now, dy/dx = 0.
⇒ x = 0 and x = 2 
The points x = 0 and x = 2 divide the real line into three disjoint intervals 
i.e., (-∞, 0), (0, 2), and (2, ∞). 
In intervals (-∞, 0) and (2, ∞), f '(x) < 0 as e–x is always positive. 
∴ f is decreasing on (- ∞, 0) and (2, ∞). 
In interval (0, 2), f '(x) > 0. 
∴ f is strictly increasing on (0, 2). 
Hence, f is strictly increasing in interval (0, 2). 
The correct answer is D.
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